Bruce Ivins: Amerithrax

One week after the September 11 attacks, envelopes of anthrax spores were mailed from New Jersey to news organizations in New York and Florida. In October a second, more refined batch went to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy. Five people died: photo editor Robert Stevens, postal workers Thomas Morris Jr. and Joseph Curseen Jr., hospital worker Kathy Nguyen and Ottilie Lundgren, a 94-year-old Connecticut widow. At least 17 others were infected.

The investigation, code-named Amerithrax, was one of the FBI’s largest. For years it centered on Steven Hatfill, a former Army researcher publicly named a person of interest. He was never charged, and in June 2008 the government settled his lawsuit for $5.8 million. New genetic techniques traced the mailed spores to a flask kept by Bruce Ivins, a microbiologist at the Army’s biodefense laboratory at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Of a thousand samples tested, only eight shared its four mutations. Investigators also could not explain his solitary night hours in the containment lab that autumn.

Ivins died on July 29, 2008, of an overdose, as prosecutors prepared charges. In February 2010 the Justice Department closed the case, naming him the sole perpetrator. A National Academy of Sciences review in 2011 called the science consistent with that conclusion but not definitive, and a 2014 audit criticized the FBI’s methods. Robert Stevens’ family settled with the government for $2.5 million.